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中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

  中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

  资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄

  由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

  麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

  一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

  此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

  作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。

  美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

  这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。

  从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

  两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

  House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

  (ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

  The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

  Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

  On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

  On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

  Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

  As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

  But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

  CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

  This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

  Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

  From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

  Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

  The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

减盐食品的钠含量不一定少 看好营养标签购买低钠食品******

  “早起开门七件事,柴米油盐酱醋茶”,盐的重要性在人们日常生活中不言而喻,但摄入过量的盐也有可能引发高血压等慢性病。近年来,随着人们健康意识的不断提升,“减盐”成了生活新风尚。

  最近,国内各大电商平台纷纷启动年货节线上促销活动,减盐酱油、减盐榨菜、减盐蚝油等被打上“减盐”标签的食品,颇受消费者的欢迎。

  既然是减盐食品,里面的盐少了,那是不是就能敞开肚子放心吃了?对此,科技日报记者采访了科信食品与健康信息交流中心科技传播部主任阮光锋。

  减盐食品的钠含量不一定少

  普通食盐的主要成分是氯化钠。很多消费者觉得,减盐食品就是低钠食品,这可大错特错了,因为一些减盐食品的钠含量不一定低。

  记者通过调查发现,在某些减盐食品外包装的营养标签上,每百克食品含钠量甚至超过2000毫克,这个量已经和人体每日所需的钠含量(2000至2500毫克)相接近了。

  为什么在减盐食品中,还含有这么多钠?

  阮光锋告诉记者,这是因为“国家对减盐食品的含钠量没有统一标准”,具体减盐减了多少全靠行业自律。记者了解到,根据我国《预包装食品营养标签通则》,宣称钠(盐)含量减少的食品与参考食品相比,前者钠含量必须减少25%以上。简单来说,一款食品想宣称“减盐”,只需找一款大家熟悉的同类食品进行对标,让减盐食品的钠含量比对标食品低25%以上即可。

  换句话说,减盐减的是相对的百分比,而非减到某个绝对值。如果对标食品含钠量过高,即使减少25%以上的钠含量,减盐食品的钠含量依然可能偏高。

  “另外,减盐食品的口感也可能让消费者在不经意间摄入更多盐。”阮光锋补充道,不少消费者在挑选食品时注重口感,一些减盐调味品的减盐量一般,但口感却可能清淡很多,这导致人们在做饭时要放更多的减盐调味品,才能达到让人满意的口感。“比如,近几年减盐酱油很火,但是它的味道会差一些。原先放一勺酱油就能调出的味道,现在可能需要放2至3勺才行。这样计算下来,盐的总摄入量可能是增加的。”

  看好营养标签购买低钠食品

  相关专家提醒,科学减盐需要从“源头”做起,尽量购买低钠食品。

  “低钠不是减盐。”阮光锋强调,“根据《预包装食品营养标签通则》的要求,每100克食品中钠含量小于等于120毫克方可被称为低钠食品。因此,减盐食品并不一定是低钠食品;相反,很多减盐食品仍然属于高钠食品范畴。”

  识别哪些食品属于低钠食品,归根结底要关注的是钠含量本身。预包装食品包装袋上的营养标签,为消费者了解食品钠含量提供了帮助。

  专家表示,消费者应重点关注食品外包装上营养成分表中钠的含量,看清其单位是“每100克”还是“每份”;若单位是“每份”,则还要看清每份是多少克,以此来计算食品中的钠含量。

  “食用低钠食品、低钠盐等,在一定程度上可以控制钠的摄入,但肾脏疾病患者需要征询医生的意见,不要盲目选择低钠盐。”阮光锋补充道。

  除此之外,科学减盐还需要从厨房做起,减少烹饪过程中盐的使用。

  阮光锋表示,可以在厨房中使用限量盐勺,巧妙选择天然食材和调料增味、提鲜,这样可以在增加食物多样性的同时减少盐的使用。例如,可以用葱、姜、蒜、辣椒、花椒、柠檬和醋等增味;鸡精、酱油、蚝油、酱料等调料含有较高的钠,用它们提鲜时应适量、合理搭配。

  “研究表明,减少5%至10%的烹调用盐通常不会对菜品口味产生明显影响,且有助于人们逐步适应并养成清淡少盐的饮食习惯。”阮光锋表示。

  最后,减盐不仅要控制食盐、鸡精、味精、酱油等“看得见的盐”的摄入量,还要注意减少“隐形盐”的摄入。饼干、薯片等食品由于制作工艺的限制,含钠量较高,即使吃起来不咸,也不宜多吃。

  “盐吃多了虽然不好,但盐中的钠是调节人体生理机能不可或缺的元素,对维持身体正常的生理活动和功能起着重要的作用,摄取太少或缺乏会出现疲劳、虚弱、倦怠等现象。”阮光锋总结道,“我们需要科学减盐,但不能矫枉过正。”(实习记者 裴宸纬)

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